• Replacing Self-Criticism
• Create Balance
• File a Case
• Evaluate Your Criticism
• Mindfulness of Thought
• Let Go of Criticism
• Monitoring Self-Criticism
• Uncover Your Patterns
• Jot It Down
• More About Self-Criticism
• How Self-Critical Are You?
• What is Self-Criticism?

• Is Perpetual Happiness Possible?
• Negative vs. Realistic Expectations
• Positive Problem-Solving
• Remedying Negativity
• Post-Breakup Negativity
• Natural Therapy
• Families and Negativity
• When It Is More than Negativity
• Symptoms of Negativity
• What Causes Negativity?
• Society and Negativity
• Positive Solutions
• First Steps Into Positivism
• Negativity and Self-Doubt
• 6 Habits that Fuel Negativity

• OCD in Children
• Pure-O OCD
• Socioeconomics of OCD
• Myths About OCD
• Dating a Person with OCD
• Parenting and OCD
• Working with OCD
• Success and OCD
• Is OCD a Personality Disorder?
• Stress Management
• Learn to Tolerate Disorder
• The Importance of Flexibility
• Adjusting Your Standards
• Coping with Perfectionism
• Exposure and Response Prevention
• Replace Irrational Thoughts
• Cognitive Restructuring for OCD
• Breaking the Link
• Building Your Motivation
• Keep Track of Your Symptoms
• Calm Your Mind
• OCD’s Distortions
• What Is OCD Telling You?
• The Links of OCD
• What Are Your Compulsions?
• What Are You Preoccupied With?
• The Many Faces of OCD
• What Causes OCD?
• Primary Symptoms
• The Roots of OCD

• The Worst-Case Scenario
• You Are Not Your Fear
• Creating an Excellent Presentation
• Approaching Difficult Situations
• Prepare for the Unexpected
• Surviving an Unexpected Speech
• Social Support Is Vital
• 5 Common Myths
• Spontaneity and Improvisation
• Should You Be Perfect?
• How to Tolerate Frustration
• Preparing for Public Speaking
• (Un)realistic Expectations
• Dealing with “What Ifs”
• Relaxation Exercise - Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)
• Tracking Your Progress
• Avoidance vs. Exposure
• Using Your Values and Goals
• From Thoughts to Behavior
• The Importance of Self-Compassion
• Defusion and Acceptance
• Being Present Here and Now
• Fictional Rehearsal
• Transforming Your Thoughts
• How Thoughts Drive Fear
• A Preview of Techniques
• A Speaker’s Perspective
• Is Your Anxiety a Phobia?
• Fear vs. Anxiety
• What Is There To Be Afraid Of?

• Final Food for Thought
• Analysis and Checklist
• Sleep Medication
• Building New Habits
• Your Morning Routine
• The Help of Fragrance
• Guided Imagery
• Nightmare Exposure
• The Worry Box Technique
• Progressive Muscle Relaxation
• Relaxation Techniques
• Keeping a Sleep Journal
• Challenge Cognitive Distortions
• Cognitive Distortions
• Stimulus Control
• CBT for Sleep Enhancement
• To Nap, or Not to Nap
• Habits to Help Yourself With
• The Road to Healthy Sleep
• How Much Should You Really Sleep
• Internal Factors
• External Factors
• Other Sleep Disorders
• Persistent Nightmares
• Hypersomnia
• Insomnia
• Understanding Sleep Disorders
• Effect of Sleep on Mental Health
• The Basics of Sleep
• You and Your Sleep

• Reasoning and Logic
  • Deductive Reasoning - Deduces From General Principles
  • Defeasible Reasoning - Reasoning With Many Unknown Factors
  • Post Hoc Reasoning - Failure of Concluding Causality
  • Abductive Reasoning - Determining the Direction of Scientific Research
  • Causal Reasoning - What is the Cause of a Phenomenon?
  • Inductive Reasoning - How Small Observations Infers a Theory Through Induction
    • Raven Paradox - Hempel's Logic Example Illustrate Inductive Reasoning
  • Scientific Reasoning - The Logic Behind Scientific Research
  • Testability - How to Create a Scientific Theory or Hypothesis
  • Falsifiability - Karl Popper's Basic Scientific Principle
  • Hypothetico-Deductive Method
• History of Science
  • Psychology in the Middle Ages
  • Psychology in the Middle Ages
  • Psychology in the Middle Ages (Part IV)
  • Psychology in the Middle Ages
  • Psychology in the Middle Ages
  • Psychology in the Middle Ages (Part I)
  • Renaissance Astronomy
  • Renaissance Physics
  • Renaissance Medicine
  • Science and the Enlightenment (PART II)
  • Science and the Enlightenment
  • The Exhumation of Tycho Brahe
  • Was Tycho Brahe Murdered?
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  • Renaissance Geology
  • Renaissance Geology
  • Renaissance Biology
  • Renaissance Biology
  • Renaissance Architecture
  • Renaissance Architecture
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  • Renaissance Alchemy
  • Isaac Newton
  • Galileo Galilei - The Father of Modern Astronomy
  • Enlightenment Geology - The Rise of Earth Science
  • War Machines of Archimedes
  • Heron's Inventions - Greek Mathematics
  • Heron of Alexandria - Greek Mathematics
  • Middle-Ages Science - Mesopotamia, Persia, and the History of Science
  • Neolithic Astronomy - Mesopotamia, Persia, and the History of Astronomy
  • Islamic Astronomy - History of Astronomy
  • Mesopotamian Astronomy - Mesopotamia, Persia, and the History of Astronomy
  • Ancient Mayan Astronomy - History of Astronomy
  • Indian Astronomy in the First Millennium - History of Astronomy
  • Ancient Astronomy, Science And The Ancient Greeks - History of Astronomy
  • Egyptian Astronomy - History of Astronomy
  • Ancient Chinese Astronomy - History of Astronomy
  • Building Roman Roads - Applied Science
  • Thales and the Deductive Method - Greek Mathematics
  • Pythagoras - Greek Mathematics
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  • Archimedes - Greek Mathematics
  • Greek Geometry
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  • Babylonian Mathematics And Babylonian Numerals - and Babylonian Numerals
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  • Islamic Psychology - History of Psychology
  • Aristotle's Psychology - History of Psychology
  • Ancient Physics - History of Physics
  • Islamic Medicine - History of Medicine
  • Ancient Medicine - History of Medicine
  • Islamic Alchemy - History of Chemistry
  • Ancient Chinese Alchemy - History of Chemistry
  • Alchemy and the Philosopher’s Stone - History of Chemistry
  • Islamic Ophthalmology - and Islamic Medicine
  • Islamic Scholars and Biology - History of Biology
  • Aristotle’s Zoology - History of Biology
  • Who Invented the Scientific Method?
  • History of the Scientific Method - From the Beginning to the Twentieth Century
• Ethics in Research - Cost/Benefit, Informed Consent, Fraud, Plagiarism, Misconduct
  • Privacy in Research - Confidentiality in Research
  • Sham Peer Review - Using Peer Reviews to Punish Other Scientists
  • Research Regulations - and the Helsinki Declaration
  • Using Animals in Research - Ethical Considerations
  • Whistleblowers in Science - Reporting Scientific Misconduct
  • Competition in Science - The Nasty Side of Scientific Research
  • Research Grant Funding - Problems With Funding in Science
  • Scientific Misconduct - Ethical Violations in Research
  • Scientific Falsification - Falsifying Evidence in Research
  • Academic Plagiarism - Stealing Someone Else’s Work
  • Tuskegee Syphilis Study - Research without Empathy
  • Subliminal Messages - The Fraud about How They Sell More Popcorn And Coke
  • Science Fraud - Dishonesty and Forgery in Research
  • Informed Consent Policy - Avoiding Deception in Research
  • Deception and Research - Ethics in Research
  • Milgram Experiment Ethics - The Research Ethics about the Milgram Experiment
• Philosophy of Science - 'What is Science?', Constructing Theories, Truth and Theory, History
  • Scientific Reductionism - Reducing Complex Interactions in Research
  • Fringe Science - Exploring the Bounderies of Research
  • Junk Science - Using Science to Obtain Goals
  • Pseudoscience - In it for the Money?
  • When Science Meets Religion - The Aftermath of the Schism
  • Religion vs Science - Rise of Fundamentalism?
  • Verification Error - Gathering Data to Support a Theory
  • Occam’s Razor - The Simplest Answer is Most Often Correct
  • Paradigm Shift - A Scientific Revolution
  • What Is A Paradigm?
  • Realism and Antirealism - What is the Basis of Scientific Truth?
  • Truth and Theory - How to Construct Theories Reflecting Reality
  • Philosophy of Science History
  • Science Misconceptions - How to Misunderstand Research

Main Page - Explorable.com

Science Projects for Kids, Teachers and Parents

• Acids and Bases - - History of Chemistry
• Make Heron’s Fountain - Greek Mathematics
• How to Conduct Science Experiments - A Guide
• Make Your Own Slime Experiment
• Make a Matchbox Guitar
• Magic Balloon Experiment
• Home-Made Stethoscope
• Home-Made Glue Experiment
• Egg in a Bottle Experiment
• Creating a Volcano Experiment
• Create a Heat Detector
• Corrosiveness of Soda Experiment
• Build an Electromagnet
• The Balloon Rocket Car Experiment
• Oil Spill Experiment
• Making-a-Rainbow-Experiment
• Invisible Ink Experiment
• Salt Water Egg Experiment
• Magic Jumping Coin Experiment
• Magic Egg Experiment
• Lifting Ice Cube Experiment
• Charge a Light Bulb Experiment
• Pendulum Experiment - How to Repeat Galileo Galileo?
• Paper Airplane Experiment - For Kids
• Mold Bread Experiment - – What Makes Mold Grow?
• Experiments with Popcorn - For Kids
• Create a Sundial
• Build an Astrolabe - Navigation and Mapping the Stars
• Archimedes Displacement Experiment
• How to Make an Archimedes Screw
• Heron’s Aeolipile

Outline, Style, Structure, APA, MLA, Format, Peer Reviews, Publishing

• How to Write a Research Paper?
• Research Paper Example - A Sample of an Academic Paper
• Scientific Journal Rejection - Rejected Submissions
• Research Paper Outline Examples - Sample Outlines for Research Papers
• Journal Article Submission - Submitting a Research Paper
• Academic Journals - Scientific Peer Reviewed Journals
• APA Citations - Referencing in APA-standard
• MLA Citations - Referencing in MLA-Standard
• MLA Writing Format - The MLA-Standard
• APA Writing Format - How to Write Academic Papers in APA style
• Article Writing Help - Five Pitfalls
• Tips on Article Writing - 7 Powerful Research Paper Writing Tips
• Disadvantages of Peer Reviews
• Advantages of Peer Reviews
• Peer Review Process - and Peer Reviewed Publications
• Publication Bias - Researchers Tend to Publish Only Significant Findings
• Floating Blocks - Graphs and Figures in Research Papers
• How to Format a Table - Writing a Paper
• How to Write Footnotes - in Research Papers
• In Text Citation - References in Research Papers
• Writing an Appendix - Adding Non-Essensial Information to Research Papers
• Writing Acknowledgements - Thanking Those Helping You
• Table of Contents Format - for Research Papers
• Writing a Bibliography - Reference the Citations
• Writing a Conclusion - Answering the Research Question
• Writing a Discussion Section - Interprete the Results
• Writing a Results Section - Announcing the Findings
• Writing Methodology - Describing the Data Collection
• How to Write an Introduction - Introducing the Research Paper
• Writing an Abstract - How to Write a Synopsis
• APA Title Page - Writing a Research Paper
• Example of a Research Paper - How to write a Paper
• Parts of a Research Paper - How to Create the Structure for Papers
• Research Paper Topic Ideas - Get ideas for your research paper
• How to Write a Hypothesis
• What is a Thesis Statement? - Stating the Aim of Your Paper
• Research Paper Question - The Purpose of the Paper
• APA Writing Style - The Terminology of the APA Standard
• Research Paper Format - Tips and Details
• How to Write an Outline - Writing a Research Paper
• Research Paper Outline - How to Write a Research Paper
• Writing a Research Paper - An Overview

'What is Research?', History, Aims of Research, Elements, Steps, Reasoning, Logic

• Statistics Tutorial - Data Processing, Distribution, Hypothesis Testing, Experimental Error, Reliability and Tests
  • Measurement Scales
  • Linear Relationship
  • Non-Linear Relationship
  • Relationship Between Variables
  • Sampling Distribution
  • Statistical Analysis
  • Statistics and Reliability
  • Why Statistics Matter?
  • What is Statistics?
  • Variables and Statistics
  • Trimean
  • Range (Statistics)
  • Quartile
  • Parameters and Statistics
  • Learn Statistics
  • Discrete Variables
  • Branches of Statistics
  • Normal Distribution Assumptions
  • Correlational Study
  • Statistical Validity
  • Probability and Statistics - Experiments and Research
  • Philosophy of Statistics - Statistical Methodology, Validity and Reliability
  • Nonparametric Statistics - No Assumtion to Prior Distribution
  • Inferential Statistics - Applying Conclusions
  • Frequency Distribution - Occurances of Data Points in an Experiment
  • Ethics in Statistics - Avoid Mispresentation of Data in Research
  • Descriptive Statistics - Simple Quantitative Summary of a Data
  • Data Dredging - Causition When Snooping or Fishing After Data Patterns
  • Cronbach’s Alpha - Measurement of Internal Consistency
  • Cohen’s Kappa - Interrater Agreement Measurement
  • ROC Curve Analysis - Using Radar Technology in Science
  • F-Distribution - Ratios of Two Independent Estimators
  • Partial Correlation Analysis - Multiple Correlation
  • Correlation and Regression
  • Mann-Whitney U-Test - (MannWhitney-Wilcoxon)
  • Margin of Error (Statistics) - Reliability of the Data
  • Standard Error of the Mean - An Estimate of the Standard Deviation
  • Calculate Standard Deviation - Formula and Calculation
  • Measurement Of Uncertainty: Standard Deviation
  • Statistical Variance - A Measure of Data Distribution
  • Statistical Mode - The Datapoint Which is Most Frequently Repeated
  • Calculate Median - When Outliers May Skew the Central Tendency for Means
  • Geometric Mean - Used to Calculate Average Growth
  • Statistical Mean - Average - Measure of Central Tendency in Statistics
  • Arithmetic Mean - A Measure of Central Tendency
  • Pearson Product-Moment Correlation - Measures Relationship Between Variables
  • Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test - Non-Parametric Test
  • Factorial Anova - Analysing Multiple Factors With Analysis of Variance
  • Repeated Measures ANOVA - A Within-Subject Design Using Analysis of Variance
  • One-Way ANOVA
  • Two-Way ANOVA - Comparing Two Factors
  • Data Output - Processed Data Ready for Analysis
  • Raw Data Processing - Organizing Information in Research
  • Statistical Data Sets - Organizing the Information in Research
  • Effect Size - Strength of Relationship
  • Statistical Significance And Sample Size
  • Statistical Treatment Of Data
  • Systematic Error - Biases in Measurements
  • Random Error - Unpredictable Measurement Errors in Research
  • Statistical Power Analysis - Determine the Sample Size
  • Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient - Using Rankings to Calculate Correlation
  • Dependent T-Test for Paired Samples
  • Independent Two-Sample T-Test - Does Population Means Differ?
  • Independent One-Sample T-Test - Testing Whether Samples and Population Differ
  • Experimental Probability
  • P-Value - Probability of the Randomness in Sampling
  • F-Test - Handling Small Sample Sizes
  • Chi Square Test
  • Student’s T-Test (II) - Testing T-Distributed Data
  • Student’s T-Test - Testing Hypotheses
  • Multiple Regression Analysis - Predicting Unknown Values
  • Linear Regression Analysis - Predicting an Unknown Value
  • Factor Analysis - Categorizing Common Variables
  • ANOVA - The Analysis Of Variance
  • Z-Test - Basics and the Different Z-tests
  • Bayesian Probability - Predicting Likelihood of Future Events
  • Correlation and Causation - The Incorrect Assumption of a Causal Relationship
  • Statistical Outliers - Extreme Datapoints
  • Regression Toward the Mean - Often Misunderstood
  • Measures of Central Tendency - What is the Middle Value?
  • Experimental Error - Type I and Type II Errors
  • Statistical Reliability - Ensures Validity and Precision
  • Statistically Significant Results - How to Test a Hypothesis
  • Significance Test (II) - Is the Evidence Convincing Enough?
  • Significance Test - Accepting or Rejecting a Hypothesis?
  • Statistical Hypothesis Testing - How to Apply Statistics to Experiments
  • Confidence Interval in Statistics - Reliability of an Estimate
  • Statistical Correlation - Strength of Relationship Between Variables
  • Normal Probability Distribution - Gaussian Distribution
  • Meta-Analysis - and Meta Studies
  • Sample Size - The Number of Observations in Research
• Research Designs - Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Research Designs, Types of Studies, Reviews, Experiments
  • Surveys and Questionnaires - Guide
    • Questionnaire Example
    • Analysis and Handling Survey Data
    • Selecting the Survey Method
    • Preparing an Online Survey
    • Types of Survey Questions
    • Constructing Survey Questions
    • Research and Surveys
    • Survey Response Scales
    • Web Survey Tools
    • Questionnaire Checklist
    • Conclusion of a Survey
    • Presenting Survey Results
    • Increasing Survey Response Rates
    • Panel Study
    • Focus Groups - Pros and Cons
    • Telephone Survey
    • Personal Interview Survey
    • Online Surveys
    • Survey Design
    • Types of Survey
    • How to Conduct a Survey
    • Pilot Survey
    • Questionnaire Layout
    • Survey Response Formats
    • Methods of Survey Sampling
    • Defining Survey Goals
    • Planning a Survey
    • Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveys
  • Quantitative and Qualitative Research
  • Cross Sectional Study - A Snapshot of a Population
  • Pilot Study - Testing the Study Before Launching
  • Case Control Study - When Longitudinal Studies Have Too Low Incident
  • Factorial Design - Testing the Effect of Two or More Variables
  • Longitudinal Study - Studying Long Term Effects
  • Observational Study - Research Without Manipulation
  • Cohort Study - Investigating a Particular Group Over Period of Time
  • Field Experiments - 'Real' World Studies
  • Naturalistic Observation - Research in the Natural Environment
  • What is a Literature Review?
  • Systematic Reviews - Evaluating Previous Research
  • True Experimental Design - Experiments with Control Group Randomized
  • Survey Research Design - How to Conduct Surveys
  • Quasi-Experimental Design - Experimental Design without Randomization
  • Quantitative Research Design - Proving Cause and Effect
  • Qualitative Research Design - Exploring a Subject in Depth
  • Identical Twins Study - Measuring Effects from Environment and Genetics
  • Descriptive Research Design - Observing a Phenomenon
  • Case Study Research Design - How to conduct a Case Study
  • Pretest-Posttest Designs - Experimantal Research
• Experimental Research - Aims, Creating and Conducting Experiments, Experimental Design, Sampling, Pilots, Analysis
  • Sequential Sampling Method - Consecutive Selection
  • Quota Sampling - Non-Probability Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling - Non-Probability Sampling
  • Judgmental Sampling - Non-Probability Sampling
  • Random Sampling - Probability Sampling
  • Disproportional Sampling - Probability Sampling
  • Establishing Cause and Effect - Scientific Causality
  • Within Subject Design - Repeated Measures Design
  • Repeated Measures Design - Within Subject Design
  • Matched Subjects Designs - Matched Sampling
  • Between Subjects Design - Independent Groups Design
  • Solomon Four Group Design - Measuring the Impact of the Pretest
  • Randomized Controlled Trials - Reducing the Influence of Confounding Variables
  • Counterbalanced Measures Design - Counterbalancing Experimental Groups
  • Placebo Effect - The Hope/Expectancy-Effect
  • Sample Group - A Subset of a Population
  • Randomization - Randomized Controlled Trials
  • Statistical Sampling Techniques
  • Systematic Sampling - Systematic Random Sampling
  • Stratified Sampling Method - Subjects Proportionally Selected From Subgroups
  • Cluster Sampling - Sampling Whole Groups From a Population.
  • Sampling Error - Sampling Bias
  • Probability Sampling and Randomization
  • Non-Probability Sampling - No Randomization
  • Population Sampling Techniques - Selecting a Representative Subset of a Population
  • Convenience Sampling - Non-Probability Sampling
  • Research Bias - Experimenter Bias
  • Social Science Subjects - Participants in Research
  • Scientific Control Group - Experimental Research
  • Random Sampling Error - Failure to Reflect the Population Accurately
  • What is Sampling? - Representing a Population
  • Experimental Research and Society
  • Ad Hoc Analysis - Explaining Contrary Evidence
  • Double Blind Experiment - Avoiding Bias
  • Design of Experiment - Testing a Hypothesis
  • Conducting an Experiment - Carry Out Experimental Research
• Research Methodology - Variables, Hypothesis, Validity, Reliability, Generalization, Errors in Research
  • What is Generalization? - Do Research Apply to the Real World?
  • Scientific Observation - Collecting Empirical Evidence
  • Empirical Evidence - Convincing Scientific Proof
  • Conceptual Variables - Constructs in Science
  • Replication Study - Repeating a Previous Study
  • Research Population - The Focus Group of a Scientific Query
  • Test–Retest Reliability - Simple Reliability Testing
  • Reproducibility
  • Interrater Reliability - Interobserver Reliability
  • Internal Consistency Reliability - (Internal Compability Test)
  • Instrument Reliability - Ensuring Reliable Measurement
  • Definition of Reliability - The Scientific Method
  • Types of Validity - An Overview
  • Predictive Validity - Does the Test Predict Future Performance?
  • Concurrent Validity - How Well Does a Test Measure the Same as the Old Measure?
  • Criterion Validity - Does a Test Reflect a Certain Set of Abilities?
  • Test Validity - Can the Measurement Be Trusted?
  • Convergent and Discriminant Validity
  • Content Validity - (AKA Logical or Rational Validity)
  • Face Validity - Representation Validity
  • Construct Validity - Does the Concept Match the Specific Measurement?
  • Internal Validity - The Confidence in the Cause-Effect Relationship
  • Ecological Validity - Environmental Influence when Generalizing
  • Population Validity - Generalize to a Population as a whole
  • External Validity - Generalizing Results
  • Hypothesis Testing - Comparing the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
  • Type I Error and Type II Error
  • Choosing Scientific Measurements - What is Important?
  • Operationalization - Defining Variables Into Measurable Factors
  • Null Hypothesis - The Commonly Accepted Hypothesis
  • Drawing Conclusions - Judgment by the Scientific Method
  • Different Research Methods
  • Defining a Research Problem - Specifying What to Research
  • Validity and Reliability - How to Know if the Research is Correct?
  • Independent Variable - The Manipulated Variable in Research
  • Dependent Variable - Measuring the Effect in Research
  • Controlled Variables - The Scientists Tries to Avoid Interference
  • Confounding Variable / Third Variable - Third Variables Affecting the Results
  • Research Variables - Values that Change
  • Research Hypothesis - Testing Theories and Models
• Prediction in Research - How the Scientific Method Predict Future Events
• Empirical Research - Based on the Scientific Method
• Definition of Science - Knowledge Attained Through Study
• What is the Scientific Method?
• Definition of the Scientific Method
• Scientific Elements - Fundamental Parts of Scientific Research
• Purpose of Research - Why Conduct Scientific Research?
• Aims Of Research - What Are the Goals of Scientific Research?
• Definition of Research
• What is Research?
• Steps of the Scientific Method - The Stages of Scientific Research